The Phases Of American Education - 1528 Words

The Phases of American Education Can you imagine a world without education? If education did not exist there would be no iPhones, computers, laptops, or cars. Education has had its ups and downs. The learning system in the past was very basicÍ ¾ students got lessons directly from the teacher and more information from the book. Back then, parents taught their children how to read and write from the bible and hornbooks. People usually learned how to read from picture books. Boys went to school while the girls stayed to learn household work. Most boys were lucky enough to go to college if they came from a wealthy class. But now in the present, education has changed. Every country on Earth teaches education differently. In America, studies show that students are not getting the education they need. Many of the IQ and standardized tests don’t show all of the ways we could be intelligent. So the more active we are, the better we learn. But poor students are assigned out of proportion to the most inadequately funded schools with larger class sizes and lower paid teachers. American education in the past and present has changed due to ineffective practices, therefore, the lack of skills in the 21st century are impending college and career success. Education started with the start of civilization, or even earlier. Even animals, educate their young ones. Without education, most ancient inventions would not have been passed on by people to their following generations, and the humans wouldShow MoreRelatedMeaningful Social Studies Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesgive an example of a Native American Indians unit can be taught in a 4th grade classroom, covering the following contents: Location; Movement/Migration; and Individuals Groups, Institutions. In addition this paper will address the 4th grade performance objective(s) and Georgia social studies standards used in this unit. Additionally, this paper will explain and justify the use of various instructional strategies that could be used for the learning cycle and the phases of the learning cycle whichRead MoreOrganizational Impact On Nursing And Nursing Education1602 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Impacts on Nursing and Nursing Education Alana Bucy (QSEN), Dario Bilog (AACN), Izabella Carithers (IOM) Achieving Professionalism I Dr. Garrett â€Æ' Nursing and Nursing education has evolved tremendously through history. Many professional organizations directly influenced the practice of providing quality care to the public and propelled Nursing to the profession that it is today. 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However, the paper is concerned about the reasons that make it the most preferred method of public health education intervention in the case of substance abuse (Simons-MortonRead MoreEce Governance Of The Early Childhood Education Governance865 Words   |  4 PagesECE Governance Out of the all these years the Early Childhood Education Governance is been help people to look forward to a great future with different policies for child care and education. It is usually that the governance work with every decision about the people rights. Since the governance has been work toward the help people to live better. In the paper I will briefly summarize and give examples of the three phrases of ECE governance, evaluate the three versions of administrative integrationsRead MoreThe Management Of Diabetes During Primary Care1704 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States, and is the seventh leading cause of death (American Diabetes Association, 2014). 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Islam The Best Of People - 1716 Words

stage. Islam makes it lucrative for Muslims to seek any knowledge and as the Prophet pbuH states: ‘The best of people are those that bring most benefit to the rest of mankind.’ Islam leads Muslims to question not only the existence of man but also the creation of mountains, trees, space and so forth. Islam holds itself out to be questioned so that through such questioning knowledge can be gained progressing to creation of theories and leading to creativity. Islam openly challenges its followers and non-believers to creativity even at the threat of its own existence. Islam uses itself as a mechanism, providing a platform to Muslims to bounce ideas against and advancing ones understanding and mind to grasp what Allah has created, why it†¦show more content†¦However, despite Islam seeking to create a ‘Middle Ummah’, Muslims have been faced with great difficulties due to religious interpretations of the terms bid’ah (innovation) and ijtihad (critical legal thinking) and the application of these processes. Many Islamic sects use terms: bid’ah, ijtihad, kufr (disbelief or denial) and shirk (avoid or neglect in the Oneness of Allah) to counter opposing views when the topic of creativity or innovation arises. However, from the interviews all informants understood what bida’h meant in Islam. Imam Nasar (Sunni) explained that the definition of bida’h means to create and Islam is not against bida’h. Imam Alvi (Shia) highlighted that just because bida’h has controversy surrounding it does not mean it does not exist in Islam. He indicated that Muslims are not implementing bida’h. Imam Chisti (Beralvi) provided an interpretation that the word bida’h comes from the word badah which means something new in Islam. Imam Rasab (Sufi) similarly to Imam Chisti (Beralvi) explained that it is something new. Imam Dawud (Salafi) provided his interpretation of bida’h which is what was accepted at the time of the Prophet pbuH. He explained that there is good bida’h and bad bida’h. Imam Younas (Wahabbi) explained that it is something new to Islam. Imam Huzayf (Deobandi) described that bida’h is what was not at the time of the Prophet pbuH. Imam Dawud (Salafi) and Imam Huzayf (Deobandi) responses placed a

Distinguish between Power and Authority Free Essays

Power is the ability to coerce or force someone to do your will even if in some cases they may not want to. Authority is the skill of making people willingly do your will. It also the right to give orders, enforce obedience or make decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Distinguish between Power and Authority or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Compare and contrast the features of the leadership of bands, tribes, chiefdoms and state societies A chiefdom is a form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or houses. These elites form a political ideological aristocracy relative to the general group. 3. Compare and contrast rank based societies and stratified state societies Power or privilege for some groups over the other it is called social stratification. It is a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy social stratification is based on four basic principles. 4. Discuss the dimensions of social stratification and how these dimensions define state society  refers to a system by which categories of people in society are ranked in a hierarchy. For example of the Titanic to show the consequences of social inequality in terms of who survived the disaster and who did not. Four principles are identified which help explain why social stratification exists. First, social stratification is a characteristic of society and not merely of individuals. Second, social stratification is universal but variable. Third, it persists over generations. And, fourth, it is supported by patterns of belief. 5. What means are used in various societies to maintain social control? Cite  example to support your generalizations Societies have developed both informal and formal means of dealing with conflicts and the disorder that results from conflict. Informal means of social control include ridicule and ostracism. Formal means of social control include formalized laws and sanctions. Methods for judicial settlement of such laws range from the formal song duels of the Inuits to the formal court system of the United States. How to cite Distinguish between Power and Authority, Papers

Genetic Analysis and Cancer Medicine †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Genetic Analysis and Cancer Medicine. Answer: Introduction Incidence of cancer occurs due to the mutation in the nucleotide sequence. During the replication of DNA, though the fidelity of the process is high and there are several proofreading and repair mechanisms at work, the possibility of a mutation cannot be ruled out. Some mutations cause change in gene function and can result in cancer. The uncontrolled growth of cells in number causes malignancy and people suffer from cancer. The statistics of cancer occurrence shows an upward trend. As a result the diagnosis and treatment management of cancer have improved considerably and a patient can be treated to achieve reduced mortality. An ageing population leads to increase in the incidence of cancer. Other causes of increase in cases of cancer are smoking, obesity, poor diet and lack of exercise and a lifestyle that is unhealthy. Although these causes are known there is little change in individual behaviour and population behaviour. These reasons have made cancer a public health problem in t he world and in Australia. It is now understood that rather having to go through the difficult procedures of treatment and the discomfort and pain associated with cancer, it is better to work on a public health strategy that can prevent the incidence of cancer. Adoption of better lifestyle, better nutrition and remaining physically active are some such steps. Replication of DNA occurs before cell division and in eukaryotic cells the lengthof the DN to be replicated is very high and so several origins of replication begin the process simultaneously to ensure that all regions are replicated. During replication, the deoxynucleotides dATP, dTTP, dCTP and dGTP are added one at a time due to the action of the enzyme DNA polymerase III. Several checks ensure that the added nucleotide is exactly complementary to the base on the template strands which can be read due to unwinding of the DNA double helix. But even then sometimes incorporation of a wrong base occurs. The proofreading ability of the DNA polymerases helps identify the mistake and it is then repaired through one of the many repair mechanisms. The epsilon subunit of DNA polymerase III plays a role in exonuclease activity that helps in the removal of wrongly incorporated nucleotides. If the repair and proof reading machinery are unable to detect mismatch, a mutation occurs. Some mutations may not cause any harm if they are located in the non-coding regions of the DNA but if a single mutation occurs in the coding region, it can change the polypeptide sequence that is expressed. So, a mutation is an inheritable change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Other than mistakes during the process of replication some mutations occur spontaneously and result in an altered nucleotide sequence. DNA damage or dimerization of pyrimidines occurs due to exposure the UV fraction of sunlight, particularly in the DNA of skin cells. Excision repair, recombinatorial repair and error prone repair are mechanisms management that correct the mistakes in the DNA sequence. Normal cells do not divide unless there is an injury but cancer cells continue to divide and invade other tissues when growing. Size of cancer cells and their nuclei is larger or smaller than the normal cells. There is no cell to cell communication between cancer cells and they have the ability to metastasize and spread to other regions of the body. While normal cells respire aerobically, cancer cells respire anaerobically and can evade the immune system. The cancer cells do not perform normal functions, for eg., if the normal function of a cell is to produce the hormone thyroxine, a cancer cell of the thyroid gland may not produce the hormone (Kufe, et al., 2003). Although all cancers are caused due to mutation/s. The causes of mutations can be varied. Smoking, exposure to radiation, exposure to carcinogens, obesity, chronic inflammation, due to poor diet and lack of exercise are the main reasons of occurrence of mutations in tissues. The immune system either is unable to recognize a cancerous growth or the cancer cells are able to evade the immune response. Exposure to sunlight can also cause cancer of the skin. Some cancers are inheritable and it is possible to calculate risks of getting an inheritable cancer by genome analysis. Some examples of inherited cancers are breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and colorectal cancer (Cancer.org, 2017). Treatment of cancer involves killing of the cancer cells by chemotherapy or a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Some treatments involve immunotherapy through monoclonal antibodies. Other treatments may also include or consist of hormonal therapy. In many cases surgery may be performed to remove a cancerous or malignant tumor and the surgery may be followed by therapy includes one or a combination of the above therapies (Cancer.gov, 2017). Commonly diagnosed cancers in Australia The highest incidence of cancers in Australia are prostate cancer among men or breast cancer among women, colorectal cancer and lung cancer. Melanoma also occurs at a high frequency. 48 cases of skin cancer per 100,000 people in Australia is among the highest rates of incidence in the world. The rise in cases of cancer has been largely attributed to higher life expectancies that have resulted in an ageing population and better methods of screening. In 2012, about 40,000 Australians died due to cancer. Mortality due to cancer has surpassed the number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease. The estimated number of cancer cases diagnosed in 2017 is 134174, of which 72169 cancers were diagnosed in males and 62005 were diagnosed in female patients. Of these, 17586 cases were those of breast cancer in females, 16682 cases of bowel or colorectal cancer, 16665 cases were those of prostate cancer and 12434 cases were cancers of the lungs. 13941 cases of melanoma were also diagnosed (Cancerau stralia.gov.au, 2017). Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and the somatic cell carcinoma (SCC) are not notifiable cancers in Australia (Cancer.org, 2016). Australia has the highest incidence of skin cancer in the world. The incidence of prostate cancer and breast cancer is highest among men and women respectively. The high incidence is due to increase in life expectancy. As the number of the aged in the population grows, the incidence of these cancers has also resulted in an increase. Another reason for increase in the number of diagnosed cases is that better diagnostic methods and more frequent screenings are able to find cases that remained undiagnosed in the previous decades. The changes in lifestyle, diet and lack of physical exercise are the main risk factors that have increased the number of cancers. An increase in the number of obese individuals has also increased cancer cases in Australia (Aihw.gov.au, 2017). Prevention of cancer is the best way to combat the rising number of cancers. Most ways in which cancer can be prevented are already understood. Cessation of smoking, following a healthy lifestyle that includes a healthy diet and physical activity are the main steps. Active screening that is age -appropriate has been recommended and if symptoms are recognised early, it is possible to reduce prevalence of cancer. The area where most work remains to be done is change in lifestyles of individuals, implementation of better public health policies and registering a change in population behaviour (Colditz, et al., 2012). Conclusion The molecular basis of cancer is well understood and mutations are understood to cause cancer. The individual behaviours that increase the risk of cancer have also been identified. The incidence of cancer and mortality management due to cancer in Australia is on the rise. Statistics show that breast cancer and prostate cancer are high on the list of incidence and bowel cancer is also a major health threat. Although diagnosis and treatment are available, prevention of cancers is the best possible public health approach to cancer. References Aihw.gov.au, 2017. related-material. [Online] Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-in-australia-2017/related-material [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Cancer.gov, 2017. treatment. [Online]Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Cancer.org, 2016. faq.htm. [Online] Available at: https://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/faq.html [Accessed 23 September 2017]. Cancer.org, 2017. /cancer-causes.html. [Online] Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes.html [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Canceraustralia.gov.au, 2017. cancer-australia-statistics. [Online] Available at: https://canceraustralia.gov.au/affected-cancer/what-cancer/cancer-australia-statistics [Accessed 26 September 2017]. Colditz, G. A., Wolin, K. Y. Gehlert, S., 2012. Applying What We Know to Accelerate Cancer Prevention.. Science Translational Medicine, 4(127), p. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003218. Cooper, G., 2000. The Cell: A Molecular Approach.. 2nd edition. ed. Sunderland (MA):: Sinauer Associates; 2000.. Griffiths, A., Miller, J. Suzuki, D., 2000. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis.. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman. Kufe, D., Pollock, R., Weichselbaum, R. al, e., 2003. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine.. 6th edition. ed. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker; 2003..

Hello Sattelite Get Me Central Essays - , Term Papers

Hello Sattelite Get Me Central Kevin C. Van Pelt Popular Science Hello Satellite, Get Me Central Communication is a constantly advancing field when you think of new technologies being implemented in business. Communication between management and subordinates is increasingly becoming more and more difficult as industries become globalized. Mobile communication has drastically advanced in the past decade. The most recent innovation is satellite phone systems such as the Iridium, which was the topic of the article I researched. With this new technology users can make and receive calls from anywhere in the world without the hassle of having to worry about the compatibility of local phone systems. The iridium system has cost roughly five billion dollars. The system is composed of 66 satellites in low earth orbit four hundred and twenty miles above the earth's surface. Currently, the technology hardware is very expensive. The actual units fit the profile of what you would expect. It is compact, lightweight, and are capable of a continuous talk time of about two hours. A single phone unit goes for about $3,000. Service costs about $1.70 a minute plus long distance charges. Pagers are also available for about $500 a piece. This may seem high for individual use, but for a billion-dollar corporation supplying subordinates with this communication device, it may be a reasonable cost. Science Essays

Make a Wax Paper Leaf Pressing

Make a Wax Paper Leaf Pressing Collecting and saving leaves  in scrapbooks and nature journals is a fun activity for families to do together, creating  reminders of memorable hikes, camping trips, or walks at your local  parks. Even with all the  tree leaf identification  resources available online today, you still cant beat using a real, preserved leaf to assist you in looking up different types of trees and plants.  Or you can document different colorings on the same trees from year to year in your own backyard, tracking how wet and hot the spring and summer were and noting the effect on the trees leaf colors that year. Pressing leaves using wax paper is an easy alternative to a building and using a plywood leaf press because the device is bulky and takes some time and effort to construct. Using wax paper captures some color, highlights a leafs structure, and the project is manageable from a time and materials standpoint. You likely have all the materials you need already, without needing a special shopping trip to hunt them down. Difficulty: Easy Time Required   10  minutes per leaf What You Need Wax paperWooden cutting boardThin towelWarmed ironLeaf Heres How Collect the leaf or several leaves that most represent an average-looking leaf of the tree species. Have a few samples of each kind you wish to preserve, in case one gets damaged. Inspect your specimens for fungus or insects before taking them with you.  Back at home, place a  collected leaf between two layers of wax paper  with plenty of room to trim and preserve the wax seal.  Open a towel on a  wooden cutting board. Put the wax paper leaf sandwich onto the towel and then fold it over the top of the specimen. A thin kitchen dish towel is preferable to a thick terrycloth  towel. You can even use paper towels.  Turn the iron on medium dry heat, and evenly iron over the towel. The heat will seal the leaf between the wax paper sheets. After a couple of minutes of ironing, flip over the folded towel and iron the specimen from the other side as well. The wax paper should get somewhat clearer as it melts around the leaf.When cool, trim the wax paper specimen to fit a piece o f white paper. Label the page, and insert it and the preserved leaf  into a  three-ring sheet protector. Keep your collection in a binder. Tips Depending on the tree species, a  green leaf may brown a bit. This is normal and should be considered when reviewing leaf color.Bring your collected leaves  home between the pages of a book or notebook, as they could get crumpled or torn in your pocket or bag. Warnings Children should not use a hot iron without adult supervision (or even may need adult help, depending on the age of the child).  Do not take leaves from national parks.Make sure your local state parks dont have any restrictions before picking leaves, such as not going off the marked trails, or not touching endangered species. Some parks may not allow the picking of any plants.Learn what poison ivy and poison oak look like, so you dont accidentally take leaves from those plants.

Expatriates Issues in International Joint Ventures Essay

Expatriates Issues in International Joint Ventures - Essay Example Much of the early studies on international staffing was largely descriptive, prescriptive, and lacking in analytical rigor (Dowling et al., 1999). One European critique (Brewster & Scullion, 1997) argued that staffing policies are often developed in isolation from other areas of expatriation policy and fail to connect expatriate selection to the MNE's international business strategy. Researchers are finding more variety in approaches to staffing and other activities (Scullion & Starkey, 2000; Petrovic et al., 2000). Drawing on the speculative concepts of the resource based view, European researchers have endeavored to explain the strategic measurement of expatriate selection. Bonache and Fernandez (1999) explain the linkage between expatriates and spirited advantage by significance the significance of the relocating of tacit knowledge to new markets, through relocating teams rather than just: individual managers and Bonache and Brewster (2001) discover the role of expatriates as inst rument of knowledge transfer. Recent European studies indicates the significance of country specific factors and indicates distinction between countries in international staffing practices. ... utilize fewer. For example, direct expatriate management is mostly well-built in the Far Eastern or Latin American subsidiaries of Japanese and German operating in the automobile or electronic industries, and much less important in the subsidiaries of U.S., French, and British MNEs located in Scandinavian or Anglo-Saxon countries and operating in the food or paper industries. Not all international business activities are staffed by "traditional" expatriates, that is, expatriates on international projects for several years. There are a significant figures, in Europe at least, of self-initiated expatriate experiences (SFEs): group who find their own way to an additional country (Suutari & Brewster, 2000). buying and trade behavior are often behavior by people on short (often, factually, flying) visits. Studies into the selection of expatriates has generally been focused on the more "visible" aspects of these issues such as the criteria used in selection decisions. Studies in Europe, however, also indicate that selection criterion are largely create of the international HR unit: in practice choice on expatriate selection are typically taken by line managers--who often simply pay no attention to the selection criteria espoused by the HR department (Harris & Brewster, 1999). The confirmation on numbers of expatriates is diverse. There are suggestions that the accessibility of people willing to recognize global projects is not escalating fast enough to meet the rapidly growing demand for international managers. Studies suggest that general lack of expatriate managers are mainly sensitive in European MNCs and restrict mutual efforts to develop

Online marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Online marketing - Essay Example This makes, the study of the concept of online marketing all the more interesting and inevitable, in order to ascertain the various methods, policies and strategies applied by successful online marketing firms, to provide a broader idea about the concept and a wider understanding of the subject. For the purpose of this study, Amazon.com Inc, is chosen as a case study, which shall be used to understand a range of concepts, and theoretical aspects concerning online marketing. Amazon.com Inc., an American based (headquartered in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.) multinational e-commerce organization and is one of the largest online retailers in the country. It was founded by the Jeff Bezoz, in the year 1994 and was launched online a year later in 1995. Initially it was established as an online retail book store, however, in the wake of the overwhelming response of its largely diversified customer base, it was subsequently diversified to include a range of other products such as CDs, music, games, computer software, electronic equipments, apparels, food, furniture, toys, and the likes. At the time when Amazon debuted on the online retailing scene, there were already several other companies doing brisk business, owing to the internet boom. However, Bezos, with the help of innovative online marketing strategies along with revolutionary internet technologies which made the online shopping experience - faster, better and more comfortable and more personal as compared to the traditional retail, managed to survive, outsmart and eventually lead the pack of online stores. The success of the company could be ascertained from the consecutively profitable performances, which it has been able to deliver. Currently, the company has managed to achieve almost $6.8 million, in sales which includes books, DVD players as well as miter saws1. Products and brands are the inevitable

Summarize 12 new york times articles and provide one paragraph summary Assignment

Summarize 12 new york times articles and provide one paragraph summary for each - Assignment Example Moreover, there are several people from Latino backgrounds who are Catholics as compared to other denominations. Some of the realistic successes that the Catholic Church has experienced through campaign and advocacy programs were outlined, including their influence on the abortion law. There are subsequently verbatim quotations from leaders of the church, expressing their readiness to be part of this all important campaign for the government. Carwash Managers Held in Immigration Raids BYLINE: By FERNANDA SANTOS; Rebekah Zemansky contributed reporting. SECTION: Section A; Column 0; National Desk; Pg. 10 The government’s determination to cramp down on some key practices it considers as criminal, specifically the use of illegal and falsified documentations is brought to bear as a raid leads to the arrest of 223 people. Initial reports from people nearby the 16 Danny's Family Car Wash reported the raid as an immigration enforcement operation. However, Barbara Gonzalez, a spokeswom an for Immigration and Customs Enforcement denied it, saying the raid was a typical criminal investigation. Out of the 223 people rounded up in the operation, 30 of them were charged with various forms of offenses, resulting in their deportation from the country. The report notes that this operation comes in a wake when the new immigration reforms still sits in Congress unfinished. This therefore raises questions of conflict of interest as some of the charged people refused to sign a voluntary deportation order. Big-Name G.O.P. Donors Urge Members of Congress to Back Immigration Overhaul BYLINE: By ASHLEY PARKER SECTION: Section ; Column 0; National Desk; Pg Yet another move made by the Obama government to win the hearts of as many Republicans in Congress as possible to back the new immigration law is presented as Big-Name G.O.P Donors are said to present a letter to Republican members of Congress to accept the reforms. The donors describe the presenting immigration system as broken and thus urge for it to be fixed. However, the stand of the Republic side is reechoed on the need for certain key policies to be fixed ahead of the said approval of the new immigration law. Particularly, they would want to see a secured US border with well defined rules on future immigration issues. In their letter, the G.O.P Donors identified some inputs that some immigrants play in the economy of the country and based on that for their plea to be accepted. White House Ties Immigration Overhaul to Farms BYLINE: MICHAEL D. SHEAR SECTION: US; politics A report from the White House on the benefits of the immigration overhaul on farms and the agricultural sector as a whole is presented and debated. Generally, the Obama administration continues to push for a new immigration law that would ensure that â€Å"everyone is playing by the same rules†, both illegal workers and those who hire them. According to the White House, the future of the country’s agricultural fortunes is in a rigorous labor force that can produce much enough to meet the demands of the populace and the country’s industries. Using the guest-worker program in the Senate legislation for instance would ensure that there is enough labor, be they skilled or unskilled to boost productivity in the agricultural sector. All of these notwithstanding, critics continue to

Challenging Behaviours in School: Anger and Aggression

Challenging Behaviours in School: Anger and Aggression Challenging behaviors are not typical or special education status. These behaviors are of intense and causes a frequency and the length of the safety of an individual and others is likely to be placed in serious limits or holdup connection to, and use of normal discomforts. Challenging behaviors can take different forms, some can be less intense while some can be more vivid. (Marion, 2015). The behaviors test the right of adults and children to a safe and in orderly classroom. It can happen a lot and is persistent and it is more than a normal limit of what the classroom will allow. They do not react to the normal limits of prevention and it bears on the adults of the misbehavior. Aggressive behaviors are characterized as obvious or hidden hostility they are also disobedient, bitter, quarrel a lot, destructive, and they do bodily and verbally aggressive. (Marion, 2015). This child is sometimes hyperactive and dont pay attention. Aggressive children regress to biting and bullying as a manner of self-defense. Challenging and aggressive behavior, whether it is for adults or children can occur from different contributing aspects such as social-economics, difficulties, behavior disorders, seeking attention, difficulties in communication, family problems, trauma, and physical and emotional abuse. We adults sometimes label these behaviors by spanking and yelling at the children that are aggressive of challenging. We may criticize, humiliate, embarrass them while in front of others. This can intensify the childs behaviors and when they become adults. Children will follow the adults example by respecting their behavior. This is like when the adult is name calling or using racial slurs, cussing, and putting people down.   Be careful because little eyes are observing you and they are absorbing your example. Young children become aggressive when they live in a house that is financially, and socially disadvantaged. An example is living in a neighborhood with gangs, drug pushers, and other different types of crimes can result in children having challenging and aggressive behavior. Children can become aggressive and challenging if they have a poor managed and an unsafe school. Children that have aggressive friends can become belligerent. Children that are put on the television a lot when they are young tend to be challenging and aggressive. Researchers believe there is a connection between the media and later violent behaviors. There are findings that say if a child is exposed to television less than an hour a day, 5.7 % are involved in violent acts that led to horrible injury to someone. (Denham, Burton, 1996). Violent video games can lead to violent behavior in children. This can encourage aggressive thoughts, styles and behaviors in children. Studies state that if a hyperactive child is let out to violent games makes them more hyperactive. (http://time.com).Yelling at children can induce the minor to be emotionally abused and they cause a possibility of destructive and physical maltreatment. If children have been used a lot they can become destructive. Praising a child is extremely important in these parent- child relationships. It will help narrow down the aggression in the minor. Cooperative co-parenting between a mom and a dad is important because it assures the small fry who are a danger factor for conduct problems. Make sure you and your partner stand together in front the child because it shows you agree together. (http://time.com). This can help elevate some of the childs aggressive and challenging behaviors in children who may be at risk. (Marion, 2015). Anger is a feeling that children have and they experience, and the outcome of this is aggression. Anger is an emotion that children have and it is neither good or bad, and it doesnt have any judgement attached to it. We as individuals think when someone is angry than a problem will arise, but that is not the instance. Aggression is how far a child can go to accomplish the childs goal. Reactive aggression can be concerning for a parent. This is how a child reacts aggressively in a certain circumstance, or either defending themselves and ending up with other children. Verbal aggression is when children, belittle, ridicule, or injure a child. (Marion, 2015) This can cause a child to have problems with their self-esteem. Children who have low self-esteem, perform poorly in school and can resort to aggressive behavior. Physical aggression such as biting, kicking, scratching, can cause serious bodily injuries. (Marion, 2015). We need to address this type of behavior because if we dont it c an only get worse. Children are asking for help when they act out and if we dont listen they tend to do things to open our eyes. The Mobile Phone Company: Samsung The Mobile Phone Company: Samsung In the current volatile business industry marketing plays a vital and significant role and it is a process or method to create, deliver, exchange and communicate with customers and clients. It is the mechanism that identifies the requirements, needs, expectations of a particular customer base and creates methods and offerings to satisfy that customer base. In the current situation the complete business is customer-centric and the marketing revolves around satisfying the customer at every possible opportunity. Whatever the company offer should be based on the needs of the customer, it may be a product or can be a service or it can be both. When an organization offers both service and product, it can be termed as solution that plays vital role in strategic marketing. This paper aims to evaluate the marketing strategy of Samsung Electronics in the global television industry using the available theories and concepts. Company Background Samsung one of the greatest brands available in the market aims to secure the world leadership in the industry and earn devastating competitive strength by synchronizing the development and manufacturing of product, design, marketing and sales. The organization is well known for its great accomplishment in the industry of semiconductors based on memory. Samsung maintains its high position in the industry continuously from 1992 maintaining its top rank and stretch its financial structure throughout the industry to maintain itself as a number one company in the industry of mobile phones, semiconductors, monitors, computer gadgets, televisions, TFT and LCD screens. It also achieved 4th place in the semiconductor industry and sixth place in the mobile gadget industry by selling huge volumes. Importance and the use of information in their marketing strategy It is the era of information age and the information plays a vital and unavoidable role in any field exceptionally in the marketing industry. There is a great need for the managers to incorporate loads of data, convert it into information, construct decisions on the information and then compose decisions to lead them to achieve greater success in the business For any business, information is also considered as significant resource required same like money, machinery and manpower. Information is must and crucial for the survival of the organization in the varying business industry. Previously before the computer age, it was difficult for the companies to gather, store, maintain, organise and distribute huge volumes of information and data. The growth of computer and information technology helped the managers and organizations to effectively handle the information available. Managers are able to get the current information at required time in an accurate manner. And another great advantage is that the information can be accessed by many people at the same time accurately, completely that is organized and storable. The information system is the method that makes sure the information is presented to the managers in the form they expect it and when they expect it helping them to support their effort by giving appropriate information for their decision-making. Computers or Information Technology can evidently help companies in processing information and data in an accurate and well presented manner that is timely, relevantly and completely. All kind business organizations now a days have some kind information maintenance system either it may for accounting or stock control or market monitoring. The supremacy technology changed the function of information in the business. The complete business world acknowledged the information aslifeblood. Papows (1998) accredited that the modern organization is dead without Information. Samsung as a strong business leader accepted the fact and had given priority to the process of information throughout the organization at every stage. To gain from its Managing information System and Information Technology, Samsung addressed information needs not only in its environment but also in their relationships with customers, suppliers, trade partners, Production systems, work processes, skills and labour requirement. These advancements of Samsung have created huge and complex processes and information systems, thereby creating a requirement to align them to have a universal overview of the complete information system setting it as a strategic tool. According to American Marketing Association (AMA), 2007 marketing can be defined as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Marketing people of various organizations endeavour to get the perfect goods or services to the correct people at the perfect place at the accurate time at the right price, utilizing the proper promotion techniques. This explains how marketing managers organize the several factors that eventually decide marketing success. For this, organizations must have timely decision-making information. The significance of efficient marketing changes heavily in respect to the market in which a firm operates. It also depends on the important competences existing within the company. These competences will offer the current market information based on which decisions can be taken quickly. Corporate strategy depends deeply on the scrutiny of such information. Samsung aims to achieve the world leadership and accomplish great competitive strength. It is targeting to coordinate design and development of product, manufacturing, sales and marketing with effective information management. Samsungs marketing strategy related to their overall organisational strategy Slogan of Samsung Company says that Everyones invited Explains its vast marketing strategy, with a huge range of products. As per the market researches, the main strengths of Samsung are identified as Strong global business network Huge credibility of Brand Name Innovative changes and inspiring new styles The awards it is continuously receiving Samsung has strong global present with its service and sales caters locating in 4 different countries. Samsung can utilize its strengths available as major threats to other organizations. Samsung can effortlessly improve its image by the promotional Ads and quality products. Viewing ahead, Samsungs vision is to turn out to be a leading company of the digital convergence revolution. The next generation will be a time where the Internet, wireless communications, networked systems and contents will be united. Various forms of convergence technology that link conventional stand-alone appliances through networks will be developed. Samsung Electronics vision for the new decade is, Inspire the World, Create the Future. This new vision statement mirrors Samsung Electronics dedication to stimulating its communities by accelerating its three key strengths: New Technology, Innovative Products, and Creative Solutions. And to advance new value for Samsungs core networks such as Industry Partners and Employees. Through these efforts, Samsung hopes to contribute to a better world and a richer experience for all. (www.samsung.com, 2010) SAMSUNG Vision Statement Source: http://www.samsung.com/uk/aboutsamsung/corporateprofile/visionmission.html [accessed on 20/07/2010] The main aim of the strategy of any business organization is growth (Chandler, 1962; Penrose, 1959). Even for Samsung, this growth is the main competence. The diagram above explains its motto of creating future in its industry and wants to be a leader. So Samsungs vision is clear. Samsungs strategic methods can be classified in to organic growth and alliances based on strategic. Organic growth According to moneyterms.co.uk (2010) Organic growth is the growth that is achieved by the companys existing business by increasing output and enhance sales (Investopedia, 2009 Moneyterms, 2010). Organic growth lets a firm to extend market position over the long term and helps to accomplish growth much cheaper than merger and acquisitions and is well suitable growing organizations (Coyle, 2000). This suits well with Samsung present strategic position as it is one of the market leader and has all the measures to extend into other markets. Moreover, though Samsung has huge cash reserves, organic growth permits cash reserves to be focused on other important factors such as Research and Development. At last, the external environmental analysis shows growth in the television market and the complete industry. But only the organic growth is not sufficient for an organization. Even though it is stable that is not enough when entering in to a new market in a new country. When entering in to a new country a strong understanding of local market is necessary that can be achieved only through local strategic alliances. Strategic Alliances A COPAC Commissioned Study defines (2000) Strategic Alliance as a formal and mutually agreed partnership arrangement that links specific facets of two or more enterprises or organizations. It is a mutual arrangement and understanding that allows partners to accomplish goals mutually that they could not accomplish alone. Strategic alliances are normally seen as methods for generating strong and efficient mode for competing in a globalized business. Bleeke and Ernst (1992) explain this as a formal relationship between two or more parties to pursue a set of agreed upon goals while remaining independent organisations. From 2001, Samsung has undergone with 29 various alliances (Samsung.com, 2010). They also accredit that the alliances are the best possible ways to enter in to the new market. With the new alliances Samsung may not learn anything new as they are very strong in technology and innovation. Further Analysis of Current Strategies Porter (1980) argue there are three fundamental strategic options available for companies that are looking for achievement of competitive advantage; they are Cost Leadership, Differentiation and Focus. This is explained in Porters Generic Strategies (Porter, 1985) Samsung comes under the category of Cost Leadership strategy as it augments profits by dropping costs, while charging low prices in the industry. Cost Leadership can be considered as one of the core competencies of Samsung. Apart from the cost leadership, Differentiation strategy also appropriate to Samsung as the company in continuously involved in inventing the technologies. So, Samsungs strategy is a combination of both cost leadership and differentiation strategy. Bowmans Strategic Clock (1997) is the other method used regularly to evaluate strategic options. It sees at professed additional value by the customer in opposition to price. Based on this Samsungs strategy can be explained to be mostly Hybrid. This refers to a strategy which is low cost to the consumer but still differentiated. Samsungs new 3D and Interactive TV Samsung, an industry leader for flat-screen TVs, will begin promoting its 3DTVs on 21 March in the US, before rolling out the activity globally in April. Mintzberg et al (2005) stated the Competitive advantage of an organization is usually recognized as the managements capability to set the companys assets adjacent to some external context. This can be termed as (Porter, 2004) external environment for a specific company. This external environment sets the means of survival for any company (Johnson et al, 2008:54). So, it is vital for the companies to understand this environment. This paper will look at the macro environment of Samsung using PESTEL analysis, then the Industrial environment where it operates, and finally at Competitors mainly utilizing Porters five forces model (Porter, 2004:6). It is also important to analyse the external environment of the firm to understand the opportunities and threats to achieve a strategic competitiveness. This consists of a general environmental, market, five forces analysis and competitors analysis. SWOT analysis is a prospective forecasting technique that helps to evaluate the match between opportunities and capabilities of the firm in the competitive environment. External environment The macro and industry environments will now be looked at to assess the strategic position of Samsung. Social Factors Current generation of people have strong passion and obsession for new innovative technology. Electronics industry plays a vital role in fulfilling this obsession. Children watching late night programs and getting addicted to TV programs that reduces their interest towards games and studies is an important social factor. Technological Factors The electronics industry has been considered as one of the largely growing (Sixto, 2003) with low product life cycles (Mathews, 2005) that have show the way to global revenues. A 3D TV set is a special viewing TV device that utilizes 3D techniques of appearance that projects a TV program into a realistic three-dimensional field. The technology is brand new to TV industry that further reduces people going to Cinemas. Samsung is leading the industry with another milestone of new innovative Technology. Political Factors Political factors have an enormous control on the regulation of businesses that comprises of regulations forced by the government under which businesses should operate. As per the research the political environment in United Kingdom is said to pretty stable. Polices structured by the new conservative government like taxation, Cutting the Public spending and decision to raise petrol prices will have tough impact on the buying power of individuals. Additionally, the industrial policies of Korea also plays very important role for assisting international competitiveness to transfer technology in swap for market access (Kim, 1997). Economic Factors The economic factors plays very critical and significant role in marketing the 3D TV. The recession or down turn of economy reduced the spending power of individual. U.K economy is endangered by the financial downturn. As the unemployment rate increases customers passion for new technology may be sidelined. Sales have been continuously depreciating and the exchange rate is all time low that will increase the importing prices. Environmental Factors Consumers are having more awareness towards environmental and expecting increased energy efficiency, minor or no emission of dangerous radiation (Tarr, 2009; EE Times-Asia, 2009). Legal Factors Intellectual property is becoming a critical and important in the industry. There are huge chances conflicts can happen like the resent famous Apples conflict with Googles Nexus One regarding a patent issue. Samsung itself won a dispute recently in opposition to sharp regarding a patents issue that was initiated in the year 2007(Wall Street Journal, 2009). Legislations about local employee rights, Taxation and Intellectual Property will advance influence on Samsungs strategic decisions. Swot analysis STRENGTHS Strong international experience. Strong global business network Huge credibility of Brand Name Innovative changes and inspiring new styles The awards it is continuously receiving OPPORTUNITIES New technology 2012 Olympics offers an plenty of opportunity to get more sales Offering more models with stylish and individuality. The consumer will have the real entertainment for the money. WEAKNESSES Perception of High Prices Customers disinterest Buyer sophistication and knowledge Substitute products or technologies Very less availability of 3D viewing content THREATS New existing competition Price volatility Economic recession or financial downturn Extremely huge competition for customers and resources Five Forces Analysis This analysis discusses five competitive forces related to the new product of Samsung Industry Competitors: Sony, Panasonic and LG. All are bigger players in the industry The competition is very High Buyers Individuals and families with high passion for technology And reasons for buying is Young passion mind, affluent professionals, status maintainers *Threat of New Entrants *Threat not significant as already many established players in the market and required a significant initial network, resources and investment Suppliers Bargaining power is low Substitutes Wide verity of TV models including Plasma, LCDs and digital TVs. Electronics Gadgets like smart phones, gamers and computers are also affect the new 3D The competition is very high with SONY, Panasonic and LG are planning to launch the 3D TVs Lower Threat of New Entrants Threat from new companies entering in to the business is low as huge requirement of capital and Samsung have huge research and marketing process along with the proven productive process. It also has the strong brand name and best product differentiation. Overall the threat is minor. Low Bargaining Power of Suppliers Many competitive suppliers are available in the industry. The suppliers of Samsung have low switching cost and product differentiation (Lee, 2006). Overall the bargaining power of suppliers is low. The price increasing of raw materials can be easily passed on to the consumers. So the overall bargaining power of suppliers is low. Medium Bargaining power of Customers Bargaining power of customers is medium as very little range of products available in the 3D TV marketing industry. High Threat of Substitute Products There are huge number of substitutes are available for this product like Plasma TVs, LCD TVs, Mobile gadgets like smart phones, gamers, computers and laptops. Competitive Rivalry within the Industry High Overall, rivalry is high with many diverse competitors. LG, the worlds No. 2 Television brand by revenue, has put a destructive sales target for 3D TVs, planning to construct a leadership position in an emerging market where rivalry is expected to heat up. In 2010, LG targeted to sell 400,000 3D Televisions and in the next year it aims more than 3.4 million, the South Korean company announced in a news conference on 15th Tuesday December, 2009(canada.com, 2010). Electronics giant Sony is also planning to launch and leverage its power in 3D TVs business. Sony said in a press conference that it is expecting 3D TVs to account for up to 50 per cent of its total TV sales by March 2013 (canada.com, 2010). Panasonic also launched its plans to roll out 3D TVs in 2010 (canada.com, 2010). Source: http://www.canada.com/competition+heating+2010/2342815/story.html Segmentation The new generation 3D TV is initially targeted at the high class and technology lovers. The initial price of the 3D TV is very high. The Marketing Mix Marketing mix is an essential notion in current marketing and rationally it is referred to as the set of convenient tools that the organization combines to create the response it wants in the target market, so it consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for its product (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). Marketing is about projecting the correct product at the correct price in the accurate way to the accurate customers. This is how value is added. Getting a product in to the market involves balancing numerous significant ingredients, i.e. the 4Ps of the Marketing Mix: Product, Price, Promotion and Place. Product The Next generation 3D TV is new innovative product. In simpler terms, the product includes all features of innovation to provide true entertainment to its customers. The 3D televisions were voiced as the biggest innovation in the television history with combination of highest performance and stylish design. With the Samsung 3D TV the customer will have the prospect of enjoying TV programs in 3D sitting at home and viewing TV will never be the same as the audience will be able to enjoy and experience the feel of their favourite stars of sports, film and TV leap off their TV in to the living room right before them. Samsung is proposes a series of 3D-capable TVs, including the LED 7000/8000/9000 Series, LCD 750 Series and the Plasma 7000/8000 Series (www.samsung.com, 2010) Price Pricing is principally fixing a specific price for a product or service offered. In simple words, Kotler and Armstrong (2004) explain the perception of price to obtain the product. Fixing a price is not something simple. Normally in general law people argue that a small price will draw additional customers. The argument is not true. Because customers not only look for price alone. The customers expect a proper service and value for the money that he pays. They act in response to value so a lesser price does not essentially signify stretched sales if the product is not fulfilling the expectation of the customers (Lazer, 1971). The price for the 3D brands starts from  £1600 to  £2000. The price is not so competent. Placement Samsung unveiled its prestigious 3D TV brands globally in the major countries like US, UK, Australia and china. The product is launched in all the major stores like John Lewis, Currys etc. Promotion The promotion takes the form of a new Starter Kit that offers U.S. consumers the chance to enjoy 3D movies in their own living rooms, rather than having to head to nearest cinema to check out the eye-popping action. Samsung utilized the FIFA Football World Cup to publicize several value-added bundles along with its new 3D TV ranges. Fresh buyers were offered bundled 3D movies, home theatre systems and Blu-ray players. People who procure certain Samsung 3D TV models from dealers all over the country will have the chance to seize the Bonus 3D bundle. This includes Samsung 3D Blu-ray player and two sets of rechargeable 3D glasses. Apart from this Bonus 3D bundle, customers are also entitled to obtain a Bonus 3D TV starter kit that includes 3D Blu-ray Disc of DreamWorks Animation SKGs hit movie, Monsters vs. Aliens, and An additional two sets of battery powered 3D glasses. Source: http://3dtvsets.co.uk/samsung-electronics-starts-3d-tv-war/ (accessed on 25/07/10) Apart from these bundled promotional offers, Samsung has launched a strong advertisement campaign for its range of 3D TVs. The TV advertisement campaign is worth of  £8 Million that runs over 3 months. Apart from the TV advertisement, it has also launched  £7 million print media advertisements (www.marketingweek.co.uk, 2010) Target Market Samsung should aim both the high-end market segment as well as low-end market segment because in both areas there are opportunities. The international brands like Sony, Panasonic, LG, Philips and Sharp have more than 75 percentage share of the high-end market segment globally. Samsung being an international brand, it can easily step in both the high-end and low-end marketing segment because of its overall knowledge and ability to invest in the market. Market research firm Generator Research(2010) forecasts a major update of the novel 3D TV technology globally, showing that by the year of 2014 the business share for 3D sets is predicted to reach over 39% and the market will value more than $117billion (Samsung.com, 2010). In reference to another market research organization, DisplaySearch (2010), the 3D TV market is predicted to increase from the year 2008s value of $ 902 million to $ 22 billion in 2018. particularly, the 3D TV business is predicted to grow to $ 17-billion, and the number of units expected to sale will increase to 64 million in the year of 2018 from 200,000 units in 2009 (Samsung.com, 2010). Globally, in the year of 2010, it is expected that there will be approximately 4.2 million 3D TVs will be sold as all the major players like Samsung, SONY, Panasonic, LG and sharp are entering in the business. The value is expected to triple to 12.9 million in the next year itself according to a new market research. Above said figures looks like huge but the fact is that the above stated figures are just a fraction of the original LCD TV sale. On the other hand, it is expected that by 2012, 27.4 million 3DTelevisions will be sold globally and by the year of 2015 the value is expected to 78.1 million units. This shows an enormous composite annual growth of 80.2% between 2010 and 2015. The figures show that the 3D Televisions here for growth and may replace all the existing TVs in near future. Samsung, on the other hand, is prepared to lead in this Information and Technology Age as it will utilize its force in semiconductor, telecommunications and consumer electronics technology to expand pioneering multi-capable goods and create powerful networks that will authorize the user for anytime, anywhere communications and a higher quality of life. The 3D TV products launched by Samsung will reach the complete audience and entertain all the generations. Samsung will hope for a huge market share with its new product launched and beat the competitors. http://www.marketingpower.com/AboutAMA/Documents/American%20Marketing%20Association%20Releases%20New%20Definition%20for%20Marketing.pdf

Brazil :: essays research papers fc

The similarities between the societies found in Brazil and those found in the Andean Highlands are relatively few. The Andean Highland dwellers were mostly Incas, found in greatest numbers in Peru. The inhabitants of Brazil were mainly concentrated around the Amazon River Basin area. The Andean Highland people consisted in large part of the Inca civilization (the name of the ruling family, not an ethnicity). However, the geographic location of these societies is not the only disparity that exist between these groups of people. Perhaps the most striking of the differences is the characteristics of these societies and the advancements, or lack of, that where achieved in each. With each group having distinct characteristics in the way of life, government, and labor, this affected the colonizing groups in significantly different ways and ultimately lead to the prosperity or decline of the colony at that specific time. The forms of rule in the Amazon Basin and the Andean Highlands were of great contrast. At the time of European discovery of the New World, there existed very little political hierarchy in the areas of the Amazon River Basin. At most, and this was fairly uncommon, there was a local tribal chief. However, the government did not extend any further. There was no network of higher ruling. This may have stemmed from the fact that villages were scattered around the Amazon, divided by dense forest. The tribal chiefs would make some village decisions and be a liaison with other local villages. Still, territorial war was a major aspect of the Amazon Basin dwellers' lives. This is in sharp contrast to the political system that existed in the Inca civilization. The Inca had a profoundly intricate political system that was based on rule that was inherited through blood lines. There were local, regional, and empire ruling leaders. These statesmen demanded tribute from the lower classes and also force labor upon them, but they did provide services for the good of the people and the empire. The leaderships had relatively few physical duties other than overseeing the domain that he ruled. Territorial war was also a characteristic of the Inca society. This society has often been labeled either a socialist empire or a welfare state. Specifically, the people of the Amazon Basin lived in small villages around the Amazon River and relocated often (when the soil became fallow). They were a tribal society maintained itself through shifting agriculture and hunting and gathering. The staple of their diet was of the tuber variety, a kind of potato. The society had no classes that differentiated between the rich and poor because the people had very little or no private property.

A Study on Various Fruit Juice Companies of Bangladesh

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Origin of the report: This report was conducted and submitted as a partial requirement for the course Business Communication (BUS 231). The report was authorized by Eng. Mr. Kamrul Hassan, Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, East West University. The report was prepared jointly by our group members. 1. 2 Background of the Study: We were assigned as a group to have a study on various fruit juice companies of Bangladesh. We have conducted a study on their organization and also find out the consumer perception about the product.We find out the consumer perception about various fruit Juice. 1. 3 Objective of the study: The main purpose of the project is to show the customer preference to select fruit juice by doing a questionnaire based survey. We were instructed from our business communication course lecturer Eng. Mr. Kamrul Hassan to submit a business communication report on a four generetic products . We choose four fruit juice comp anies that are available in Bangladesh, such as Pran, Acme, Frutika and Shezan mango juice. This project also discusses the frequency table and show graph of different questions about fruit juice.It also helps to know the customer satisfaction level and customer brand loyalty of different brands of fruit juice. We had some objectives behind making the report. These are: †¢ To know about consumer perception for fruit Juice. †¢ To gather practical knowledge on analyzing companies financially. †¢ To be experienced on gathering survey. We believe that we were successful to fulfill most of our objectives. Thanks Allah to bless on us. 1. 4 Scope: The main focus of this report is to discuss the customer preference about the fruit juice and the factors which are the reasons to select their product.It also gives a little description about the history, mission, vision, goal and strategy about the industry. The report discusses the products and service they are giving. It also d iscusses, the target customer and market they are focusing to do business. 1. 5 Methodology: 1. 5. 1 Sources of information: We collect this information from our friends and our relatives. A small proportion of people like 20 from university and 10 from our local friends and uncle’s was selected, as the population of the study. 1. 5. 1. 1 Primary sources:Directly from filling the Questionnaire. 1. 5. 1. 2 Secondary sources: Taken data from various magazines, Newspaper and other prominent source of information collected from different websites and search engines. 1. 5. 2 Data Collection techniques: We have collected our data by questionnaire. 1. 5. 3 Data Analysis techniques: The report was mainly done on the various age of people. These people communicated with us via questionnaires. 1. 5. 3. 1 Statistical tools used: We have used frequency tables and pie chart as our statistical tools. 1. 6 Definitions and Acronyms:The human- relations dimension of communication makes it an activity that involves ethics. But business communication in particular brings ethical considerations into play. The fundamental purpose of a business is to stay in business and, most would say, to maintain or increase stakeholder wealth. When a business is in trouble or the owners are greedy, it can be tempting to try to serve this purpose by using communication in unethical ways. 1. 7 Limitation: The major limitations encountered are: †¢ Lack of enough time: The term paper was prepared within a very short time considering the topics related to it.That’s why; it was not possible to demonstrate all aspects of the report. †¢ Insufficient data: The data required for sufficient analysis for preparing the report could not be collected due to the insufficiency of data. †¢ Inconsistent data: Data from different sources were quite inconsistent which created some problems in making the report & compelled us to verify the data diligently. Some information was withheld t o preserve privacy of the companies. So, we can’t give the exact information always. 1. 8 Report Preview: The first chapter we have talked about the origin & the background of the report.We also have discussed the objectives, scopes, methodologies, definitions & acronyms and finally limitations to wrap up the chapter. Then in second chapter of the term paper we have included the introduction and some brief information on fruit juice companies. It also includes the organ gram of the companies, its missions & visions, its services etc. Then in the third chapter we have analyzed perception of consumers and make a table and graph by using statistical techniques for the fruit juice companies In the final segment, we have drawn our own conclusion regarding the ratio analysis. We also have some recommendations stated at the end.CHAPTER 2: ORGANIZATION 2. 1 History of the organization(PRAN) : PRAN means P- Program for R- Rural A-  Advancement N- Nationality â€Å"PRAN† is cu rrently the most well known household name among the millions of people in Bangladesh and abroad also. Since its inception in 1980, PRAN Group has grown up in stature and became the largest fruit and vegetable processor in Bangladesh. It also has the distinction of achieving prestigious certificate like ISO 9001:2000, and being the largest exporter of processed agro products with compliance of HALAL & HACCP to more than 70 countries from Bangladesh.PRAN is the pioneer in Bangladesh to be involved in contract farming and procures raw material directly from the farmers and processes through state of the art machinery at our several factories into hygienically packed food and drinks products. The brand â€Å"PRAN† has established itself in every category of food and beverage industry and can boost a product range from Juices, Carbonated Drinks, Confectionery, Snacks, and Spices to even Dairy products.Today, our consumers not only value â€Å"PRAN† for its authentic refres hing juice drinks products, but also for its mouth watering quality confectionery products with high visual appeal and exciting texture. We intend to expand our presence to every corner of the world and strive to make â€Å"PRAN† a truly international brand to be recognized globally. 2. 2 Mission: 1. Being respectful towards everyone. 2. Being trustworthy by action. Being passionate and creative in all we do. 3. Keeping things simple in the way we do things. 4. Being ethical and transparent. 5. Demonstrating individual and collective ownership. . Practicing an open culture in communication and interaction. As a uniquely Asian company, our goal is to catalyze progress in Asia by piecing together technology, connectivity and talent – this brand is symbolic of our commitment to the industry, to the region Vision: PRAN is the largest grower and processor of fruits and vegetables in the country. Their contract growers cultivate the choicest fruits and vegetables which are p rocessed in our modern and hygienic factories to highest quality standards. They think the comparative advantage of their country as an economy lies in agriculture.They believe the way to economic prosperity is through agri and agro-business. PRAN is in testimony to their convictions. Strategy: December 2009 — Present (9 months) †¢ To prepare annual, semi-annual and quarterly plan to achieve key commercial targets for the the company. †¢ To identify, analyze and develop the competitor’s price positioning and price points relevant to tariff plans in the industry which meets customer’s needs. †¢ To identify and get well acquainted with pricing model by revising/ implementing new price plan. †¢ To identify threat or potential by tracking entire commercial divisions key performance. To identify and develop product costing and implement quarterly Commercial activities calendar. †¢ To analyze & develop and recommend co-ordination meeting with all stakeholders of pricing & product team to review the activities/stages and going forward. †¢ To identify, prepare pricing concept and develop the commercially feasible report and roll out through approved process. †¢ To achieve targeted KPI of each stages by utilizing pricing tools to meet the Pricing model. †¢ To generate concept and get it approved from management in pursuit of company's business targets. To follow the systems and policy in place to for smooth operation of sales function. 2. 3 Organizational Structure & Size: Pran Company is one of the largest Food & Beverage Company of Bangladesh. They have their network tower all over Bangladesh. They also have much shop within Bangladesh. The basic departments of this organization are- Finance, Marketing, Accounting, HR, Corporate Strategy, Internal Audit, Technology, and Corporate Affairs. There are one head for each of these departments. CEO CSO CHRO CFO CTO CMOAnd other department head officers are also im portant but lesser than these head officers. 2. 4 products, services, customers, markets | | |Company Policy: To market products of consistent quality at home and abroad as per world standards produced hygienically in accordance with | |good manufacturing practices in state of the art plants & process, packed in appropriate packaging and remain committed to these objectives at| |all the times. | | |Corporate Head Office: Property Heights, 12 R K Mission Road, Dhaka – 1203. | |LOCATION OF PRODUCTION | |Location of Production: Ghorashal, Palash, Narshingdi. | |PRODUCT CATAGORIES | |Product Categories: Juice, Drinks, Beverage, Culinary, Snacks, Confectionary, Dairy. | | |Major Exporting Products: Fruit Juices, Fruit Drinks Instant Powdered Drinks, Pickles , Canned Fruits & Vegetables, Extruded & Fried Snacks, | |Tea, Aromatic Rice, Puffed Rice, Flattened Rice, Jam & Jelly, Plain Spices, Blended Spices, Mustard Oil, Mineral Water, Dehydrated fruits, | |Tomato Ketchup / Sauce, Toffees, Candies, Bubble Gum, Biscuits & other confectionery etc. | | |Major Exporting Countries: India, KSA, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Djibouti ,Angola, Australia, Austria,, Belgium, Benin, Brunei, Burkina | |Faso, Bhutan, Cameroon, Canada, Capo Verde Islands, Chad, Congo, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, | |Greece, Guinea, India, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Myanmar, Mayo tee, Nederland | |Antilles, Nepal, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, RCA, Reunion Islands, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Srilanka, Sudan, Sweden, | |Switzerland, Togo, UK, USA & Yemen. | 2. 5 Future Plan of the Organization: Like every food & beverage company AMCL Pran Company also has a future plan. According to their plan, this company gives strong effort for performing well.This company is performing very competently. They are always tries to ahead of their competitors. This activity indicates that t hey want to grab more market share day by day. So the future plan of AMCL Pran Company is to grab the highest market share within couple of years. 2. 6 History of the organization (FRUTIKA): Akij Group is one of the fastest business conglomerates in Bangladesh. Founded by Late Sheikh Akij uddin, the group started in humble way through trading business in 1940. Under his dynamic and charismatic leadership, the Group rapidly rose to the peak of success and has today 25 large Industrial and Commercial Units. Akij Food and Beverage Ltd is one of them.Akij Group launched in the local market three varieties of fruit juice under the brand name, â€Å" FRUTIKA†. 2. 7 Mission, Vision, Goal Strategy: mission: As a concern sister of Akij Group, the mission of AFBL is to surf the people best quality, social well fare etc. The mission of Akij group is narrow Vision: profit increase, market share and want to be market leader. They also have a vision to create new job opportunities in the m arket. Goal: Akij group has an objective to full fill their mission and also increase the company growth with adequate profit margin and more over want to satisfy their customers. 2. 8 Service, customer, Target Audience and Market:Akij Food and BeverageLimited wants to satisfy their all the customers. But it is very difficult to satisfy the all. . So in order to make sure the customer’s choice they has different flavors of juice named Frutika like mango, Orange and grape. Future Plan: Frutika is now a well known brand. So AFBL has a plan for increase its profitability. They are looking for new plant of new flavor. They are thinking for come in market with 2 liter juice bottle. 2. 9 Future Plan of the Organization: Like every food & beverage company Akij Food and beverage limited also has a future plan. According to their plan, this company gives strong effort for performing well. This company is performing very competently.They are always tries to ahead of their competitors. This activity indicates that they want to grab more market share day by day. 2. 10 History of the organization (ACME) ACME Group is one of the leading and diversified global conglomerates in Bangladesh, with offices in all major cities, employing over 3000+ employees and dedicated to  bringing the highest quality products and services to our customers. The ACME Agrovet & Beverage Ltd. is a FMCG business venture to manufacture fruit juice, mineral water and many more. These are manufactured and bottled in a state-of-the art processing factory using latest machines and Tetra-Pak facility. 2. 11 Mission, Vision, Goal, Strategy: Mission:The mission of ACME group is perpetual quest for excellence. Vision: ACME’s holistic approach is to ensure Health, Vigor and Happiness for all by manufacturing quality products of the highest quality at affordable prices and expanding in the local and global market. 2. 12 Service, customer, Target Audience and Market: ACME, though a pharmaceutic als company, produce juice as a food product. The marketing process of ACME juice is different than the other products that ACME produces. These diversities are found in distribution line, target, promotion strategy, pricing strategy, consumer relation and so on. To identify the potential target market ACME runs survey.For ACME juice the target market is the upper class and middle class people. It includes the people who are health conscious and prefer juice to satisfy thirst rather than cold drinks. 2. 13 Future Plan: ACME’s concern is is that the happy health of consumers. They are buying new plants for innovative-safety pack for their juices. Shezan: Shezan is not our locally made juice. It is imported from Pakistan. In our local market, we get only mango flavor of Shezan. The importer of the Shezan juice in our country is Nature Care. CHAPTER 3: Findings and Analysis Research Approach The respondents for this study are consumers who are using toilet soap at home, lived in Bangladesh.Research is focused mainly on younger consumers. Small amount of elder consumer also present in this survey. A pilot survey was carried out first and then questionnaires were used as a tool to collect required data. Sampling Method There are 10 questions about fruit juice and all brands were very familiar in Bangladesh. The questionnaires were distributed among the male and female consumers who live in Dhaka. Sample size was 30 and which covers all the brands used by different respondents. Data Analysis The statistical data analysis was done mainly thorough descriptive statistics, using Chi-Square method. The SPSS software was used to execute the analysis process.Methods such as pie charts were used to derive and summarize the data. The MS Excel was also used in data summarization process. Questions used in Questionnaires: The survey questions are shown below: 1. Which brand you prefer most as the best fruit juice? i)Pran ii) Frutika iii) Acme iv) Shezan v) Others 2. Whi ch juice you usually take? i) Pran ii) Frutika iii) Acme iv) Shezan v) Others 3. How often do you buy juice? i) Everyday ii) Once in a week iii) After 15 days iv) Once in a month 4. What flavor do you like most? i) Mango ii) Grape iii) Orange iv) Lemon v) Others 5. From where you purchase the juice frequently? ) Super market ii) Grocery shop iii) Fancy shops iv) Premium grocery v) Others 6. The age group who are responding this survey? i) 9-14 ii) 15-20 iii) 21-26 iv) 27-35 v) Others 7. From where do you come to know about this juice you are taking? i)TV adv ii)Radio iii)Bill-board iv)Newspaper v) Others 8. Which size do you prefer most? i)250 mL ii) 500mL iii) 1000 mL iv) 1250 mL v) Others 9. What do you prefer bottle or packet juice? i)bottle ii)packet 10. Thinking of similar products offered by companies, how would you compare your product? i)Much better ii) Some what better iii) About the same iv) Somewhere worse v)much worse SURVEY ANALYSIS Quantity of QuestionnairesThe summary of questionnaires collected is shown below. Question 1: 1. Which brand you prefer most as the best fruit juice? i)Pran ii) Frutika iii) Acme iv) Shezan v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 1: Which brand you prefer most as the best fruit juice? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |Pran |10 |33. 33 |33. 33 |33. 33 | |ii |Frutika |7 |23. 33 |23. 3 |56. 67 | |iii |Acme |3 |10 |10 |66. 67 | |Iv |Shezan |4 |13. 33 |13. 33 |80. 0 | |v |Others |6 |20 |20 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (Pie chart): [pic] Interpretation:The table is showing that Pran is the best fruit juice on the basis of our survey. Out of 30 respondents 10 respondents go favor of Pran which results for 33. 33% of total and respondents 7 prefers Frutika which result for 23. 33%,Acme 10%,Shezan 13. 33% and Others 20% of total respondents. Question 2: 2. Which juice you usually take? i) Pran ii) Frutika iii) Acme iv) Shezan v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 2: Whi ch juice you usually take? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |Pran |8 |26. 67 |26. 67 |26. 7 | |ii |Frutika |6 |20 |20 |46. 67 | |iii |Acme |2 | 6. 67 |6. 67 |53. 34 | |Iv |Shezan |6 |20 |20 |73. 34 | |v |Others |8 |26. 67 |26. 67 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. | | Histogram (pie chart): [pic] | | | | | | | Interpretation: From the table, we are seeing the juice which usually drink by the respondents. Out of 30 respondents 8 respondents drinks Pran which result for 26. 67% of total and 6 respondents drinks frutika which result for 20%, acme 6. 67%, shezan 20% and Others result for 26. 67% of total respondents. Question 3: 3. How often do you buy juice? i) Everyday ii) Once in a week iii) After 15 days iv) Once in a month v) others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 3: How often do you buy juice? |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |Everyday |7 |33. 33 |33. 33 |33. 33 | |ii |Once in a week |9 |23. 33 |23. 33 |53. 33 | |iii |After 15 days |4 |13. 33 |13. 33 |66. 67 | |Iv |Once in a month |4 |13. 3 |13. 33 |80. 0 | |v |Others |6 |20 |20 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the above data it can be concluded without doubt that most people buy fruit juice once in a week. Second highest number of people buys juice every day which results of 33. 33%. Other people buy juice after 15 days and once in a month which results is 13. 33%. | | | | | |Question 4: | | | | | 4. What flavor do you like most? i) Mango ii) Grape iii) Orange iv) Lemon v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 4: What flavor do you like most? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |Mango |12 |40 |40 |40 | |ii |Grape |4 |13. 33 |13. 3 | 53. 33 | |iii |Orange |5 |16. 67 |16. 67 |70 | |Iv |Lemon |5 |16. 67 |16. 67 |86. 67 | |v |Others |4 |13. 33 |13. 33 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic]Interpretation: From the above table we can see th at from the sample of 30, 40% people like mango flever, 13. 33% people like grape and others and 16. 67% people like orange and lemon. 5. From where you purchase the juice frequently? i) Super market ii) Grocery shop iii) Fancy shops iv) Premium grocery ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 5: From where you purchase the juice frequently? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |Super market |10 |33. 33 |33. 33 |33. 3 | |ii |Grocery shop |2 |6. 67 |6. 67 |40 | |iii |Fancy shops |4 | 13. 33 |13. 33 | 53. 33 | |Iv |Premium grocery |6 |20 |20 |73. 33 | |v |Others |8 |26. 67 |26. 67 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | |Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the above table we can see that from the sample of 30, 33. 33% people purchase juice from super market, 6. 67% people purchase from grocery shop, 13. 33% people purchase from fancy shop,20% people purchase from premium shop and 26. 67% people purchase from other market. Question 6: 6. The age group who are responding this survey? i) 9-14 ii) 15-20 iii) 21-26 iv) 27-35 v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 6: The age group who are responding this survey? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |0-14 9 |30 |30 | 30 | |ii |15-20 |10 |33. 33 |33. 33 |63. 33 | |iii | 21-26 |3 |10 |10 |73. 33 | |Iv |27-35 |6 | 20 |20 |93. 33 | |v |Others |2 |6. 67 |6. 67 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the above table we can see that from the sample of 30, age between 0-14 of customer responds 30%, age between 15-20 of customer responds 33. 33%, age between 21-26 of customer responds 20%, age between 21-26 of customer responds 10%, age between 27-35 responds 20% and above that responds only 6. 67%. Question 7: 7. From where do you come to know about this juice you are taking? i)TV ad ii)Radio iii)Bill-board iv)Newspaper v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 7: From where do you come to know about this juice you ar e taking? |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |TV ad |5 |16. 67 |16. 67 |16. 67 | |ii |Radio |6 |20 |20 |36. 67 | |iii |Bill-board |3 |10 |10 |46. 67 | |Iv |Newspaper |8 | 26. 67 |26. 67 |72. 7 | |v |Others |8 |26. 67 |26. 67 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: from the table we came to know that, 16. 67% came to know about the juice from TV ad, 20% from radio, 10% bill board, 26. 67% from newspapers and others. Question 8: 8. Which size do you prefer most? i)250 mL ii) 500mL iii) 1000 mL iv) 1250 mL v) Others ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 8: Which size do you prefer most? |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |i |250 mL |16 |53. 33 |53. 33 |53. 33 | |ii |500mL |4 |13. 33 |13. 33 |66. 67 | |iii |1000 mL |2 |6. 67 | 6. 67 |73. 33 | |Iv |1250 mL |3 |16. 67 |16. 67 |83. 3 | |v |Others |5 |10 |10 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the above table we can see that from the sample of 30, 53. 33% people prefers 250 ml bottle of juice, 13. 33% prefers 500 ml,6. 67% 1000ml,16. 67% people prefers 1250 ml and 10% people prefers others size bottle of juice. Question 9: 9. What do you prefer bottle or packet juice? i)bottle ii)packet ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 9. What do you prefer bottle or packet juice? |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Bottle |16 |53. 33 |53. 33 |53. 33 | |Packet |14 |46. 67 |46. 67 |100. 0 | |Total |30 |100 |100 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the table we can see that 53. 33% people prefers bottle juice and 46. 67% people prefers packet juice. Question 10: 10.Thinking of similar products offered by companies, how would you compare your product? i)Much better ii) Some what better iii) About the same iv) Somewhere worse v)much worse ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION Table 10. Thinking of similar products offered by companies, how would you compare your produ ct? | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | | i)Much better |11 |36. 67 |36. 67 |36. 67 | | ii)Somewhat better |6 |20 |20 |56. 7 | | iii)About the same |3 |10 |10 |66. 67 | | iv) Somewhere worse |5 |16. 67 |16. 67 |83. 39 | | v)much worse |5 |16. 67 |16. 67 |100. 01 | |Total |30 |100. 0 |100. 0 | | Histogram (pie chart) : [pic] Interpretation: From the data above we can interpret, that most of the customer are brand loyal and they compare product much better. 16. 7%of the sample says that their product is somewhere worse or much worse and 10% customer says that their product is about the same. CHAPTER 4: Conclusions and Recommendations 4. 1 CONCLUSION The fruit juice companies in Bangladesh is consists of a few producers. The demand for this product is very much vulnerable in terms of pricing. All companies are trying to give their product at a price which is affordable to most of the people in the country. Fruit juice is an uprising product in Bangladesh as a gre ater portion of the population, in summer the frui juice demand increases. There are many fruit juice companies (pran,acme,shejan,frutika etc. has been able to penetrate the market with heavy promotional activities. With different flavor, different bottle and packet sizes, different brand, different price, different quality, have been highly successful in their fields. Its distribution process is highly efficient. It has a huge availability around the country. We have found that usually the children love to take it. We found out that mango is a very popular flavor. Though the children love this, the age old people also have interest in it. People find it as a popular medium of drink. As ours is a mainly summer based country, so we see its demand on scotching heat. 4. 2 Recommendation for fruit Juice: fruit Juice should emphasize on taste because most of the buyers prefer the juice which tastes better. ? fruit Juice can have a wide range of flavors as consumer taste varies. ? fruit Juice should launch more attractive advertisements to attract consumers. ? fruit Juice can sponsor various programs to be promoted. ? Rebate or other types of cash offs can be offered to increase sale. ? There should be separate segmentation and targeting for kids as kids motivate their parents to buy fruit Juice ? Explanations of experts can illustrate the purity of fruit Juice which will clear consumer doubts. ? More nutritious factors can be added to fruit Juice to ensure consumer health. Appended Parts: References: 1. www. wikiepidia. org/en 2. ttp://www. AMCL Pran. com 3. Consumer Survey 4. http://www. google. com Blank format of questionnaires: This questionnaire is designed to determine the factors that are most important to you as a customer of juice. Your kind and patient response would enable us to complete the survey. 1. Which brand you prefer most as the best fruit juice? i)Pran ii) Frutika iii) Acme iv) Shezan 2. Which juice you usually take? i) Pran ii) Frutika iii) Ac me iv) Shezan 3. How often do you buy juice? i) Everyday ii) Once in a week iii) After 15 days iv) Once in a month 4. What flavor do you like most? i) Mango ii) Grape iii) Orange iv) Lemon 5.From where you purchase the juice frequently? i) Super market ii) Grocery shop iii) Fancy shops iv) Premium grocery 6. The age group who are responding this survey? i) 9-14 ii) 15-20 iii) 21-26 iv) 27-35 7. From where do you come to know about this juice you are taking? i)TV adv ii)Radio iii)Bill-board iv)Newspaper 8. Which size do you prefer most? i)250 mL ii) 500mL iii) 1000 mL iv) 1250 mL 9. What do you prefer bottle or packet juice? i)bottle ii)packet 10. Thinking of similar products offered by companies, how would you compare your product? i)Much better ii) Some what better iii) About the same iv) Somewhere worse v)much worse

US Presidents Religion According to the Constitution

US Presidents Religion According to the Constitution With all the rumors claiming former President Barack Obama was a Muslim, its fair to ask: So what if he was? Whats wrong with having a Muslim president? The answer is: not a thing. The No Religious Test Clause of the U.S. Constitution makes it perfectly clear that voters can elect a Muslim President of the United States or one belonging to any faith they choose, even none at all. In fact, three Muslims are currently serving in the 116th Congress: On November 6, 2018, Michigan Democrat Rep. Rashida Tlaib and Minnesota Democrat Rep. Ilhan Omar became the first Muslim women elected to the House, where the join Rep. Andre Carson, a Muslim Democrat from Indiana. In the general realm of Arab religions, all three Hindus who served in the 115th Congress were reelected to the 116th: Rep. Ro Khanna, (D-California); Rep. Raja Krishnamoorthi, (D-Illinois); and Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, (D-Hawaii). Article VI, paragraph 3 of the U.S.  Constitution states: The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. By and large, however, American presidents have been Christians. To date, not a single Jew, Buddhist, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh or other non-Christian has occupied the White House. Obama has repeatedly stated that he was and is a Christian. That hasnt stopped his most strident critics from raising questions about his faith and fomenting vicious innuendo by claiming falsely that Obama canceled the National Day of Prayer or that he supports the mosque near ground zero. The only qualifications required of presidents by the Constitution are that they be natural-born citizens who are at least 35 years old and have resided in the country for at least 14 years. Theres nothing in Constitution disqualifying a Muslim president. Whether America is ready for a Muslim president is another story. Religious Makeup of Congress While the percentage of U.S. adults who describe themselves as Christians has been declining for decades, a Pew Research Center analysis shows that the religious makeup of Congress has changed only slightly since the early 1960s. The new, 116th Congress includes the first two Muslim women ever to serve in the House of Representatives, and is, overall, slightly more religiously diverse than the 115th Congress. The number of Congress members who identify as Christian has declined by 3 percentage points. In the 115th Congress, 91 percent of members were Christian, while in the 116th, 88 percent are Christian. In addition, four more Jews, one more Muslim, and one more Unitarian Universalist are serving in the 116th Congress. The number of members who decline to state their religious affiliation increased by eight- from 10 in the 115th Congress to 18 in the 116th Congress. Despite their slight decrease, the number of self-identified Christians in Congress- especially Protestants and Catholics- are still overrepresented in proportion to their presence in the general public. As Pew Research notes, the overall religious makeup of the 116th Congress â€Å"is very different from that of the United States population.† Religions of the Founding Fathers Given the diversity of faiths held by America’s Founding Fathers, the fact that the Constitution places no restrictions on religious affiliation, or lack thereof. In his book â€Å"The Faiths of the Founding Fathers,† historian of American religion David L. Holmes notes that Founding Fathers fell into three religious categories: The largest group, practicing Christians who expressed a traditional belief in the divinity of Jesus Christ. Patrick Henry, John Jay, and Samuel Adams, as well as most of their wives and children fell into this category. The founders who, while retaining their Christian loyalties and practices, were influenced by Deism, the belief that, while God as the creator exists, he or she cannot perform miracles, answer prayers, or play any part in the lives of humans. These Deistic Christians included John Adams, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and James Monroe. The smallest group, including Thomas Paine and Ethan Allen, who had abandoned their former Judeo-Christian heritages and had become Deists who openly adhered to the Enlightenment period’s religion of nature and reason. Updated by Robert Longley